![]() ![]() Experiential building blocks ensure that patient perspective is at the center of defining what constitutes violence, while using these experiences to reframe violent acts as objective events. have attempted to organize Bowser and Hill’s categories of violence into experiential building blocks, where violent acts occur in childbirth “regardless of patient experience or provider intention” and normative building blocks, where behaviors that depart from a set of standard codes and behaviors are considered violations. For example, in the Americas and Europe, forced caesarean sections and episiotomies are very frequent (hyper-medicalization), whereas in low- and middle-income countries, unattended delivery in a health center is more likely (under-medicalization).Ībuya et al. The spectrum of violent acts that take place in birth and delivery are specific to each country’s culture and context and can be associated with both hyper- and under-medicalization. ![]() The broad definition of D & A derives from the various forms it takes in different countries and cultures. Categories of obstetrical violence as defined by Bowser and Hill. ![]()
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